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HOSEA (Persevering Love)

Author:

As declared in verse 1, the author is Hosea, the son of Beeri and the husband of Gomer (1:3), who was apparently a citizen of northern Israel since his concern was for the Northern Kingdom of Israel and called the king of Samaria “our king” (7:5). All we know about Hosea we learn from the book itself in its autobiographical sections.

Date:

According to 1:1, Hosea ministered during the days of Uzziah (767-739), Jotham (739-731), Ahaz (731-715), and Hezekiah (715-686), kings of Judah and during the days of Jeroboam II (782-752), king of Israel.

Hosea’s ministry spanned several decades, beginning near the end of the reigns of Uz-ziah of Judah (ca. 790-739 B.C.) and Jeroboam II of Israel (ca. 793-753 B.C.) and con-cluding in the early years of Hezekiah’s reign. The latter’s rule began around 715 B.C. after a period of vice-regency with his father Ahaz. Since Israel was Hosea’s primary au-dience, it seems strange that four Judean kings, but only one Israelite king, are men-tioned in 1:1. The reason for the omission of the six Israelite kings who followed Jeroboam II is uncertain. Perhaps it suggests the legitimacy of the Davidic dynasty (cf. 3:5) in contrast with the instability and disintegration of the kingship in the North (cf. 7:3-7).73

Perhaps also, the six other kings in Israel who followed Jeroboam II were omitted because of their relative insignificance, yet each of these continued in the sin of the Jeroboam I, son of Nebat. In es-sence, there were no good kings in the Northern Kingdom of Israel who instituted reforms as there were in the Southern Kingdom of Judah.

Title of the Book:

The book is named after its author, Hosea and is identical to the last king of the Northern Kingdom, Hoshea. For purposes of distinction, the English Bible always gives the name of the minor prophet as Hosea. Interestingly, the names Hosea, Joshua, and Jesus are all derived from the same Hebrew word, hoshea, which means “salvation.” However, both Joshua and Jesus include the additional truth, “Yahweh is salvation.” As God’s messenger, Hosea offers salvation to the nation if they will turn from their idolatry and return to the Lord.

Theme and Purpose:

Hosea was written to demonstrate the steadfast or unfailing love of God for Israel in spite of her con-tinued unfaithfulness. Through Hosea’s marital experience, the book shows us the heart of a loving and compassionate God who longs to bless His people with the knowledge of Himself and all that knowing God intimately can mean to man. In keeping with this purpose, the theme of Hosea is a strong testimony against the Northern Kingdom because it had been unfaithful to its covenant relationship with the Lord, as demonstrated in its widespread corruption in moral life both publicly and privately. Thus, the prophet seeks to get his countrymen to repent and return with contrite hearts to their patient and ever- loving God. This is presented from the standpoint of ’s love to Israel as His own dear children and as His covenant wife.

Key Word:

In view of the analogy of Israel as the wife of Yahweh and the command given to Hosea to take a wife of harlotry which would illustrates Israel’s behavior, the words “harlot” (10 times) and “harlotry” (9 times) are key words. In addition, God’s loyal love for Israel in spite of Israel’s unfaithfulness is a key con-cept of the book.

Key Verses:

3:1. Then the LORD said to me, “Go again, love a woman who is loved by her husband, yet an adulteress, even as the LORD loves the sons of Israel, though they turn to other gods and love raisin cakes.”
4:1. Listen to the word of the LORD, O sons of Israel, For the LORD has a case against the inhabitants of the land, Because there is no faithfulness or kindness Or knowledge of God in the land.
4:6. My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. Because you have rejected know-ledge, I also will reject you from being My priest. Since you have forgotten the law of your God, I also will forget your children.
11:7-9. So My people are bent on turning from Me. Though they call them to the One on high, None at all exalts Him. How can I give you up, O Ephraim? How can I surrender you, O Israel? How can I make you like Admah? How can I treat you like Zeboiim? My heart is turned over within Me, All My compassions are kindled. I will not execute My fierce anger; I will not destroy Ephraim again. For I am God and not man, the Holy One in your midst, And I will not come in wrath.

Key Chapters:

Chapter 4 is key in that in this chapter we see how in following the ways of idolatry, Israel left the knowledge of God’s truth and became rejected as priest.

Christ as seen in Hosea:

In Hosea, Messiah is presented as the Son of God (cf. 11:1 with Matt. 2:15), as the only Savior of His people (cf. 13:4 with John 14:6), as the one who will ransom us from the dead (cf. 13:14 with 1 Cor. 15:55), as the one who loves us with great compassion (11:4), and as the one who heals those who will return to Him (6:1).

Outline:

  1. Superscription (1:1)
  2. Hosea’s Marriage: A Portrait of God’s Dealings with Israel (1:2-3:5)
    1. The prophetic nature of Hosea’s family (1:2-2:1)
      1. Hosea’s marriage: Israel’s unfaithfulness (1:2-3a)
      2. Hosea’s children: Israel’s judgment (1:3b-9)
      3. Israel’s future: restoration (1:10-2:1)
    2. Restoration through punishment (2:2-23)
      1. The Lord’s punishment of Israel (2:2-13)
      2. The Lord’s restoration of Israel (2:14-23)
    3. Restoration of Hosea’s marriage (3:1-5)
      1. The divine command (3:1)
      2. Hosea’s obedient response (3:2-3)
      3. The illustration explained (3:4-5)
  3. Hosea’s Message: The Judgment and Restoration of Israel (4:1-14:9)
    1. The Lord’s case against Israel (4:1-6:3)
      1. Israel’s guilt exposed (4:1-19)
      2. Israel’s judgment announced (5:1-14)
      3. Israel’s restoration prophesied (5:15-6:3)
    2. The Lord’s case against Israel enlarged (6:4-11:11)
      1. Israel’s guilt and punishment (6:4-8:14)
      2. Israel’s guilt and punishment restated (9:1-11:7)
      3. The Lord’s compassion renewed (11:8-11)
    3. The Lord’s case against Israel concluded (11:12-14:9)
      1. A concluding indictment (11:12-13:16)
      2. A concluding exhortation (14:1-9)
*** All bible books introduction taken from Concise Old Testament Survey and Concise New Testament Survey of by J. Hampton Keathley II © 1999 Biblical Studies Press
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